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"Iron, Steel and Swords"

© H. Föll

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	This Matrix of Modules contains all relevant modules (mostly HTML files) of the Hyperscript. The way this Module Matrix is organized is more or less self evident. For the finer details use this link. The color codes in the Hyperscript are explained here. Two things need to be mentioned right here:
		1. Bold module names signify a "*link hub*". From these modules more links lead to finer details or sub-modules of the topic. These sub-modules are often rather long and involved but not listed here.
		2. There are some *hidden modules* that are not only irrelevant but outright disgusting, funny, boring, inspiring, ridiculous, thought provoking, in bad taste, revealing, ... . Judge for yourself - if you can find them, that is.

General Stuff
Index	Glossary	Names	Abbreviations	Preface	Project

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
1. Introduction
1.1 What You Will Find in this Hyperscript
b1_1_1 Glossary b1_1_2 Periodic table b1_1_3 Sword types	r1_1_1 The "What" Questions r1_1_2 The "Why" Questions	s1_1_1 About literature s1_1_2 General literature	i1_1_1 Large pictures
1.2 How This Hyperscript Works
	r1_2_1 A Word to the Style r1_2_2 How to Use this Hyperscript
2 + 1(18)	4	2	1	-	-

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
2. Swords, Iron and Steel
2.1 What, Exactly, are Swords?
b2_1_1 Temperature measurements b2_1_2 Lenght; unit conversion b2_1_3 Sword parts	r2_1_1 What are Swords? r2_1_1 What Swords are for me		i2_1_1 Swords with names i2_1_2 Theoderic's "Thank You" letter i2_1_3 Wagner's "Ring" i2_1_4 Steel things i2_1_5 Large size pictures i2_1_6 Das Grab im Busento i2_1_7 Suebia first!	Holbrook Laban's sword TLotR LOL Shit works Development metals Copper primer Beer Old beer	a2_1_1 Swords and Symbols t2_1_1 Wieland cuts deep t2_1_2 Old sagas t2_1_3 Sword in Stone t2_1_4 Sagas and Gospel t2_1_5 Pyramid inch t2_1_6 The Ages t2_1_7 Beer and swords
2.2 Let's make a Sword
	r2_2_1 Bang it!
2.3 Some Definitions
	r2_3_1 Let's get to Work. r2_3_2 What Makes Steel so Special?
3	5	-	7		8
5 + 1(18)	9	2	8		8

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
3. How to Measure Important Properties
The Basic Tensile Test
b3_1_1 SI units	r3_1_1 Breaking things r3_1_2 Stiff or hard? r3_1_3 Just for You r3_1_4 More tensile testing	s3_1_1 Uniaxial testing s3_1_2 Science elastic deformation	i3_1_1 Yield strength and hardness i3_1_2 Charpy example		t3_1_1 Galileo Galilei
3.2 Fracture Toughness
	r3_2_1 Basics about Fracture r3_2_2 The Charpy Impact Test r3_2_3 Fracture and microcracks	s3_2_1 Fracture mech. I	i3_2_1 Liberty ships i3_2_2 Nano nonsense i3_2_3 Sudden disaster i3_2_4 Pairs		a3_2_1 True name t3_2_2 Richard and Saladin
3.3 Hardness
	r3_3_1 Hardness measures what? r3_3_2 Hardness measured how? r3_3_3 Let's Summarize
1	10	3	6	-	3
6 + 1(18)	19	5	14		11

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
4. Iron, Crystals, and the Second Law
4.1 A Close Look at Real Iron
b4_1_1 Waves	r4_1_1 Microscopes r4_1_2 Metals are crystals r4_1_3 Youngs's modulus; bonding	s4_1_1 Microscopes s4_1_2 Calculating properties	i4_1_1 Crystal models		a4_1_1 Elementary particles
4.2 A Powerful Threesome
	r4_2_1 Be dense! r4_2_2 Be iron!	s4_2_1 Lattice and crystal s4_2_2 X-ray diffraction	i4_2_1 Carbon phases i4_2_2 Easy lattice, crystal		t4_2_1 History of carbon
4.3 The Second Law
	r4_3_1 Nirvana for crystals	s4_3_1 Second law s4_3_2 Entropy s4_3_3 Combinatorics			a4_3_1 2^nd law and computer science t4_3_2 Phlogiston
4.4 Inside a Perfect Crystal
	r4_4_1 Perfect crystals and 2^nd law r4_4_2 Moving atoms around	s4_4_1 Making vacancies s4_4_2 Boltzmann distribution s4_4_3 Magnetism			a4_4_1 Quasi crystals
1	8	9 + 1	3		5
7 + 1(18)	27	14 + 1(4)	17		16

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
5. Inside Real Crystals
5.1 A Close Look at Real Iron
	r5_1_1 Nobody is Perfect r5_1_2 The Defect Zoo
5.2 Point Defects
b5_2_1 Numbers and concentration b5_2_2 Isotopes	r5_2_1 The Gang of Four r5_2_2 Defects that Get Around	s5_2_1 Exponentials and Logarithms s5_2_2 Random walk s5_2_3 Diffusion science			a5_2_1 Self-interstitial in Si a5_2_2 Nirvana Si
5.3 Two-Sided Defects and Bulky Things
	r5_3_1 Grain Boundaries r5_3_2 Phase Boundaries r5_3_3 Stacking faults r5_3_4 The Heavyweights	s5_3_1 Nucleation science	i5_3_1 Single crystal Si i5_3_2 Grain boundary pictures i5_3_3 Iron carbide i5_3_4 Large pictures		a5_3_1 Grain boundary, advanced a5_3_2 Phase boundary, advanced e5_3_1 Grain boundary exercise
5.4 Weird Denizens of the Defect Zoo
	r5_4_1 The dislocation r5_4_2 Dislocations and hardness	s5_4_1 Dislocation Science s5_4_3 Shear / twinning deformation s5_4_4 Fracture mech. II	i5_4_1 Glide systems	Seeing dislocations; Hirsch Seeing dislocations; Whelan	t5_4_1 Heroes dislocation science
5.5 Mixes
	r5_5_1 Alloys and compounds
2	11	4 + 3(13)	5		6
9 + 1(18)	38	18 + 4(17)	22		22

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
6. The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
6.1 A Map for Steel
	r6_1_1 It takes two to tango r6_1_2 Reading phase diagrams 1 r6_1_3 Reading phase diagrams 2	s6_1_1 Gibb's phase rule s6_1_2 Fe-C phase diagram			a6_1_1 Four color theorem t6_1_1 Gemstones
6.2 Things Get Complicated
	r6_2_1 Creamy or chunky? r6_2_2 Solidification and the art of casting r6_2_3 Welding with fire or hammer	s6_2_1 Segregation science s6_2_2 Segregation in Si	i6_2_1 Bronze, Brass PD i6_2_2 Phase diagram salt water i6_2_3 Riveting, soldering, welding i6_2_5 Large format i6_2_6 Microstrucure cast steel	Growing Si crystals Pattern formation Si EC 1 Pattern formation Si EC 2	a6_2_1 Powder metallurgy a6_2_2 Microsegregation CB theory
6.3 Surprise?
	r6_3_1 Nirvana once more
-	7	4	5		4
9 + 1(18)	45	22 + 4(17)	27		26

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
7. Rubbing It In
7.1 Phase Diagram and the Structure of Carbon Steel
	r7_1_1 Seeing and predicting structures r7_1_2 A lustrous surprise	s7_1_1 Defect etching in Si s7_1_2 Etching Steel	i7_1_1 Add. pics (large)	Mechanical Properties of Cementite and Fabrications of Artificial Pearlite	a7_1_1 Photonic crystals a7_1_2 Polishing t7_1_1 Invention or discovery? t7_1_2 Discovery of atoms
7.2 How Do You Like Your Mix?
	r7_2_1 Hypo and hyper r7_2_2 Mixed blessings				c7_2_1 Exam t7_2_1 Composite materials
-	4	2	1		6
9 + 1(18)	49	24 + 4(17)	28		32

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
8. Tuning Carbon Steel
8.1 Keeping Dislocations at Bay
	r8_1_1 Being a Drag r8_1_2 A Closer Look at the Second Law				a8_1_1 Goldilock principle
8.2 Outwitting the Second Law
	r8_2_1 Strategies for Winning r8_2_2 Tempering + Ostwald ripening r8_2_3 It's a long way to Nirvana	s8_2_1 Silicon technology s8_2_2 Ostwald ripening	i8_2_1 Al-Cu phase diagram i8_2_2 Doing naturally		a8_2_1 Intrinsic gettering in Si a8_2_2 The Al-Cu system
8.3 Hardening Steel - the First
	r8_3_1 Forming your Battle Line r8_3_2 Size Matters r8_3_3 Bang it!		i8_3_1 Fe-N and Fe-P phase diagrams i8_3_2 Name thy baby		a8_3_1 Solar cell technology
8.4 Martensite
	r8_4_1 Be Cool! r8_4_2 Multiculti r8_4_3 Feeling stressed?	s8_4_1 Bainite s8_4_2 Widmannsttätten ferrite s8_4_3 TTT diagrams s8_4_4 Thermal stress	i8_4_1 ChicagoTribune article		a8_4_1 Melt spinning a8_4_2 Steel guys a8_4_3 Displacement, strain t8_4_1 BS quenching
	11	5 + 1(3)	5		8
9 + 1(18)	60	29 + 5(20)	33		40

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
9. Real Steel
9.1 Some General Remarks
b9_1_1 Categorizing steel	r9_1_1 Things get complicated r9_1_2 Problems with Alloying	s9_1_1 DTB transition	i9_1_1 Steel properties	European norm for Steel categorizing	a9_1_1 Creep a9_1_2 Fatigue t9_1_1 Surprise
9.2 Low Alloy Steels
	r9_2_1 Some General Remarks r9_2_1 Low Alloy Steels	s9_2_1 Science of alloying s9_2_2 Science of welding steel	i9_2_1 Alloying elements overview i9_2_2 Adding boron i9_2_3 Jominy test. i9_2_4 Schaeffler diagram	HSLA Steel 1 Hadfield's steel Stainless steel	a9_2_1 Alloying elements detail t9_2_1 Major steels a9_2_2 Inhomogeneous deformation
9.3 High Alloy Steels
	r9_3_1 Stainless Steel r9_3_2 Maraging steel			Maraging steel problems	a9_3_1 Corrosion of iron / steel
9.4 Phosphorous Steels
	r9_4_1 Some General Remarks r9_4_2 P-steel ancient times		i9_4_2 Fe-P ghost structures	Iron pillar New Dehli 1 Iron pillar New Dehli 2 Iron-phosphorous-carbon Phosphoric steel design	t9_4_1 Names around steel
9.5 Cast Iron
	r9_5_1 General Remarks r9_5_2 Kinds of cast iron
1	10	3	6		7 + 1(4)
10 + 1(18)	70	32 + 5(20)	39		47 + 1(4)

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
10. A Short History Of Metals
10.1 First Uses of Metals in Ancient Times
ba_1_1 Hardware smelting / melting	r10_1_1 Discovering metals r10_1_2 Native Copper r10_1_3 Cu smelting etc. 1 r10_1_4 Cu smelting etc. 2 r10_1_5 Cu alloying	s10_1_1 Early metal technology s10_1_2 Early pyrotechnology	i10_1_1 Additional Pictures i10_1_2 Confusing the issue i10_1_3 Large pictures I i10_1_4 Cu table large i10_1_5 Copper microstructure i10_1_6 Large pictures II i10_1_7 Large pictures III i10_1_7 Uluburun Shipwreck i10_1_9 Large pictures IV i10_1_10 Large pictures V	Muscarella article Luristan swords; wagon Casting a copper axe Castings analysed	a10_1_1 Radiocarbon dating a10_1_2 Danube culture t10_1_1 Critical museum guide t10_1_2 Early Cu sites t10_1_3 Old Cu complex USA t10_1_4 Copper ores
10.2 Making Iron
	r10_2_1 Early iron r10_2_2 Smelting Iron r10_2_3 Smelting Wrought Iron, Steel and Cast Iron r10_2_4 Bloomeries	s10_2_1 Smelting Science	i10_2_1 Last charcoal smelter i10_2_2 Large pictures i10_2_3 Energy smelting large i10_2_4 Blooms and bloomeries i10_2_5 Vahlberg smelts iron i10_2_6 Bloomery results i10_2_7 Hoover's comments	Bricker et al. Bog iron formation Comelli et al. King Tut's dagger Der Spiegel 2016 Sea people are Luwians? Der Spiegel 2018 Sea people are not Luwians? Yalcin Eisen der Hethiter Singen Sword Yalcin Alacahöyük graves Markewitz Smelting effectively Wrona Smelting steel	a10_2_1 Iron ores a10_2_2 Iron in China a10_2_3 Energy smelting a10_2_4 Meteoritic iron a10_2_5 Sauder / Williams smelting t10_2_1 Old iron writings t10_2_2 Early Fe sites t10_2_3 Early Fe swords
10.3 Iron and Steel in Early Europe
	r10_3_1 Technology transfer r10_3_2 Trading		i10_3_1 Odds and Ends i10_3_2 Large pictures	Pagès Roman iron analyzed Lang Roman iron and steel	a10_3_1 The Celts
10.4 Making Crucible Steel
	r10_4_1 Crucible steel - Basics r10_4_2 Crucible steel - Modern		i10_4_2 Wootz Jousting i10_4_3 Watered silk pattern	Panseri 1962 Damascus steel Verhoeven 2007 Pattern formation in wootz Wootz in China	t10_4_1 Old writings wootz t10_4_2 Modern writings wootz
10.5 Iron and Steel in the Middle Ages and Later
	r10_5_1 Bloomery to blast furnace r10_5_2 Making steel up to 1850 r10_5_3 Making steel after 1850 r10_5_4 Making steel things	s10_5_1 Bessemer et al.	i10_5_1 Large pictures i10_5_2 Osmund iron; Gdansk		a10_5_1 Iron in Africa t10_5_1 Old steel names
1	17	0 + 4(16)	23		16 + 3(32)
11 + 1(18)	87	32 + 9(36)	62		63 + 4(36)

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
11. Making Swords
11.1 The Early Sword
	r11_1_1 First swords r11_1_2 Bronze swords r11_1_3 Luristan swords r11_1_4 Early Near East	s11_1_1 Tricks of smiths s11_1_2 First Iron Swords	i11_1_1 Large pictures i11_1_2 Additional pictures i11_1_3 More Luristan swords	Salimbeti: Greek Bronze Swords Overlaet: Luristan bronzes Hasnapur, Hashemi, Overlaet: Bab Jilan Graveyard Muscarella Jiroft culture Huels et al.: Luristan project article v.d. Brugge: Assyrian iron Radivojevic et al. Bromze colors Luristan mask sword Access to articles	a11_1_1 Middle East Empires a11_1_2 Luristan Special a11_1_3 Bronze colors a11_1_4 Scythian Special t11_1_1 Sword places
11.2 Swords of Celts and Romans
	r11_2_1 Celtic swords; background r11_2_2 Celtic swords; metallurgy r11_2_3 Roman swords		i11_2_1 Large pictures i11_2_2 Additional pictures i11_2_3 Celtic Anthropoid Hilts	Kirk Spencer: Mindelheim swords	a11_2_1 Fire welding
11.3 Pattern Welding
	r11_3_1 Background r11_3_2 Details r11_3_3 History r11_3_4 Metallurgy	s11_3_1 Sword types 1. millennium s11_3_2 Maps (large) s11_3_3 Structure P. W. swords s11_3_4 Making palmette patterns	i11_3_1 Large pictures 1 i11_3_2 Additional pictures i11_3_3 Patterns i11_3_4 Special Illerup patterns i11_3_5 Migration sword hilts i11_3_6 Large pictures 2 i11_3_7 Large pictures 3	Lee Jones: Serpent in the Sword Janet Lang: Investigation PW swords Janet Lang: X-ray study PW swords Ulrich Lehmann: Detailed invest. PW swords 6-8th century W. Kimmig Singen Hallstatt sword	a11_3_1 Fagotting t11_3_1 Serpent in the Sword t11_3_2 Damascene meanings t11_3_3 Danish Bog Sacrifices t11_3_4 Japanese Polishing
11.4 The Transition to All-Steel Swords
	r11_4_1 Viking swords r11_4_2 Blades of Viking era swords r11_4_3 Ulfberht swords		i11_4_1 Additional pictures i11_4_2 Large pictures		a11_4_1 Moravian swords t11_4_1 Vikings t11_4_2 Frankish empire
11.5 Wootz Swords
	r11_5_1 The winner is... r11_5_2 Structure by Dendrites? r11_5_3 Forging a wootz sword		i11_5_1 Wootz patterns i11_5_2 Large pictures i11_5_3 Listen to the smiths! i11_5_4 Mythology wootz	Harnecker text Harnecker pictures Alter: Wootz - myth and truth	a11_5_1 Banding t11_5_1 Harneckers' wootz t11_5_2 Zulfiqar t11_5_3 Fake wootz?
11.6 Japanese Swords
b11_6_1 Japanese sword parts b11_6_2 Shallow angle magnification	r11_6_1 Myth and Reality r11_6_2 Making a Jap. Sword 1 r11_6_3 Making a Jap. Sword 2 r11_6_4 Metallography Jap. Sword		i11_6_1 Sword testing i11_6_2 Large pictures i11_6_3 My Japanese swords
2	21	4 + 1(5)	21		13 + 2(9)
13 + 1(18)	108	36 + 10(41)	83		76 + 6(45)

Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
12. Properties of Swords
12.1 The Basics
	r12_1_1 Performance and properties
12.2 Static Properties
	r12_2_1 Sword bending elastic r12_2_2 Sword bending deformation / fracture r12_2_3 Sword buckling r12_2_4 Sharpness r12_2_5 Types and properties r12_2_6 Properties composites r12_2_7 Experimental tests	s12_2_1 Beam bending - easy s12_2_2 Area moment s12_2_3 Bending beams - complex s12_2_4 Buckling	i12_2_4 Large pictures	Verhoeven: Sharpness Verhoeven et al. Wear Thiele et al.: Testing Pattern welding Thiele et al.: Testing bloomery steel Careni et al.: Fracture laminated UHCS Birch: PW tested Wadsworth; Laminated steel Mintach: Impact strength PW Okayasu; Katana testing	a11_2_1 Bend sword in circle?
12.3 Dynamic Properties
	r12_3_1 Moving a stick r12_3_2 Center of mass r12_3_3 Translational movement r12_3_4 Rotational Movement r12_3_5 Moment of inertia r12_3_6 Translation and rotation r12_3_7 Percussion point r12_3_8 Vibrations	s12_3_1 Center of mass s12_3_2 Moment of Inertia s12_3_3 Pecussion point	i12_3_4 Math rigid bodies	Turner Dynamics Weapons Vincent Le Chevalier "Weighing" swords	a11_3_1 Eigenmodes H-atom a11_3_2 Quantifying properties
12.4 Wielding Your Sword
	r12_4_1 Effective mass r12_4_2 Dynamic properties combined r12_4_3 Hitting something r12_4_4 Impact	s12_4_1 Effective mass s12_4_2 Collisions s12_4_3 Max. impact energy	i12_4_1 Solingen swords i12_4_2 Angular velocity and such i12_4_3 Large pictures
r12_4_5 The end
	21	10	4		3
13 + 1(18)	129	46 + 10(41)	87		79 + 6(45)

Module Count
Basics	Backbone	Science	Illustrations	Articles	Miscellaneous
13 reg. modules 1 supermodule with 18 reg. modules = 32 modules	129 regular modules	46 reg. modules 10 supermodules with 41 reg. modules = 97 modules	87 regular modules		79 reg. modules 6 supermodules with 45 reg. modules = 130 modules
475 modules + 9 hidden module Around 2900 pictures

	Matrix of Modules: Codes or the Meaning of Colors
	There are three main levels for organizing the modules of the Hyperscript:
		Basics Contains some reference information and on occasion longer texts on background knowledge that is so basic that most readers will be familiar with it, at least on general principles.
		Backbone What you would find in a conventional book. Contains no equations. All pictures are formatted to the same size
		Science, Illustrations, Articles Extra material, partially rather long. The science part gives the scientific background with equations (but still without requiring more than a working knowledge of basic physics and math). Illustration modules contain additional pictures, including large ones Articles are word and pdf files of papers and stuff written by others. They supply additional background information and add some more depth. They are part of the hyperscript to ensure access.
		Miscellaneous Supplies knowledge beyond the scope of the main part that is of some interest to me or even to you, the reader. This column includes advanced stuff, far-out stuff, elaborations about historical happenings, biographies, and whatever else I found interesting.
	The altogether six vertical columns are horizontally structured in chapters and sub-chapters; together this defines the matrix. The column "backbone" would otherwise be the table of content of a regular book.
	The cells of the matrix contain all the modules, identified by their file name. The first letter of a file name has a specific meaning that is however not important in this context. The numbers in the file name have the following meaning: 1. number = chapter 2. number = subchapter 3. number = running integer
	There is also a matrix of hidden modules. Since it is hidden, you must make an effort to find it.
	The color coding of the entries carries the following information: Blue file name: Finished module Red file name: Unfinished to a large degree Red module name: Halfway finished Dark green: Contains JAVA or animation