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Essentially we have two rather direct methods |
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Differential Thermal Expansion (or ∆l/ l- ∆a/a -method). | |||||||||||||
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.Positron annihilation | |||||||||||||
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Both methods will not give results if the vacancy concentration at the melting point is below, roughly, 10–7. | |||||||||||||
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Most numbers for point defects in metals and some other crystals were obtained by these two methods. | |||||||||||||
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There are many other methods, but always either limited to certain crystals, expensive, hard to evaluate, and so on. | |||||||||||||
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In essence, there are still no reliable and undisputed numbers for, e.g., the formation and migration enthalpies for vacancies (and interstitials) in Si or other semiconductors like GaAs. | |||||||||||||
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© H. Föll (Defects - Script)