1.1 Introduction


You see the tombstone of Ludwig Boltzmann on the ”Zentralfriedhof” in Wien.
The text \(S = k \log W\) on his tombstone is a symbol with several aspects:

  • It is the central formula of the statistical mechanics developed by Boltzmann

  • The consequences of Boltzmann’s new theory bothered so many colleagues; the argument was so severe that Boltzmann committed suicide. Especially two aspects of his statistical approach in thermodynamics were attacked:

  • A statistical approach assumes the existence of many equivalent smallest particles, i.e. of atoms. But this was not accepted generally in the middle of the 19. Century.

  • By claiming the dominance of the statistical character of thermodynamics as also

  • In Darwin’s Evolution Theory in the Biology and

  • Later on in Quantum mechanics

  • The aimed and ordered world of a god leaded society was questioned.

  • e.g. Max Planck did not accepted statistical thermodynamics due to this reason

  • Due to similar reasons Einstein did not accept the interpretation of quantum mechanics: ”God does not dice!”

  • From today’s point of view: ”Order generated by chaos \(\Rightarrow\) Synergy”


PIC


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© J. Carstensen (Stat. Meth.)