Particles on Chips

	Here you can see a collection of SEM pictures which not only illustrate graphically the "particle" problem in making chips, but also have a certain esthetical appeal
		Click on the link for an enlarged view.
		Red blood cells on a 1 Mbit memory (large size)	Hair (from a female) on a 256k memory chip. Just one of the little flakes of the hair would be enough to cover one memory cell. (large size)	Hair on a 4Mbit memory chip. - just to show how structures decrease. (large size)	Here a metal particle, probably a tiny drop of Al that was burnt of as a droplet by an electrical discharge in a sputtering machine. In was coated with Al which was subsequently structured by etching. Four conducting lines are now short circuited. (large size)	Mother nature is still ahead when it comes to small structures. Here we see spiderwebs on a 256 k DRAM. A typical strand of spider silk consists of several individual strings with diameters around 0.2 µm. (large size)	Here is a particle of unknown nature. Whatever it is, it will kill a chip.